Friday, June 29, 2012

Causes and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women and is characterized by the growth of malignant tumors in the glandular tissue of the breast. While no one knows why some women develop breast cancer and others do not, the variables have been identified several risk factors for breast cancer.

Most cancers in female breasts form shortly before, during or after menopause, with 75% of cases are diagnosed after age 50. A major health problem in many parts of the world, is especially prevalent in developed countries and in North America and Western Europe, where life expectancy is longer, the incidence is higher. For example, it is estimated that over 10 percent of all women in the United States will develop the disease at some point in their lives.

Incidence rates are lower for black women and Asians than for whites, Hispanics, Native Americans and women. Despite the lower incidence of disease, survival rates have remained consistently lower for black women. Young black women who get breast cancer are more likely to get a particularly aggressive and lethal disease, therefore, a higher death rate from cancer than white women in the same age group.

A cancer diagnosis has many psychological ramifications, emotional, relational and sexual woman and her family. One of the main concerns of women with breast cancer is the fear of the possible response alter mate surgeries possible. Sexual dysfunction has also been frequently associated with patients with breast cancer, although other factors such as premature menopause, depression, the impact of drugs and chemotherapy and pre-existing sexual problems can contribute to sexual dysfunction after the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Although the diagnosis of cancer can be devastating, most women cope successfully. Statistics show that although breast cancer is a major cause of premature death, the number of deaths it causes is roughly equivalent to that of lung cancer (predominantly preventable disease) and much lower than that of cardiovascular disease. Today, more women are surviving breast cancer than ever. More than two million women are survivors of breast cancer. With early detection and prompt and adequate treatment, the prognosis for women with breast cancer can be positive.

Cancer cells, also called carcinomas, are formed by abnormal cell division. This occurs when processes that control the growth of normal tissue repair and breaks down leading to alterations in the proteins produced by changes in DNA. This causes an excessive and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that invade and destroy other tissues. Cancer cells, which tend to destroy an increasing proportion of normal breast tissue over time, can spread, or metastasize to other parts of the body. Such genetic mutations in DNA can be present at birth, which predisposes a woman to breast cancer early in life, or can be caused by exposure to hormones and carcinogens (cancer causing agents).

Breast cancer is not a single disease. There are probably at least 15 different types, each with a different growth rate and different pattern for metastasis (spread to other body parts). Is local only briefly and can develop in many parts of the breast: in the milk ducts, between ducts, fats in the blood or lymphatic vessels in the nipple, and in the lobules where milk is produced.

Breast cancer can be referred to as "in situ" or invasive. In situ refers to cancer that has spread beyond its site or origin, as it applies to invasive cancer has spread to tissues around them. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma, which accounts for about 70 to 80% of breast cancers. It starts in a milk duct, breaks through the duct wall and invades the fatty tissue of the breast. Another 10 to 15% of breast cancers are invasive lobular carcinomas, which start in the milk-producing glands and can spread elsewhere. However, other less common types of breast cancer tend to have a better prognosis than those two most common types.

Causes and Risk Factors

No one knows why some women develop breast cancer and others do not. Although the disease can affect younger women, 75% of breast cancers occur in women aged 50 years or more. Several variables were identified as risk factors for breast cancer.

Familial or genetic risk

Women who have had a mother or sister with breast cancer are diagnosed in nearly three times the risk. Inherited mutations in genes that predispose women to breast cancer breast cancer and ovarian cancer, often at a younger age. The main genes that increase susceptibility are BRCA1 and BRCA2.

The pattern of inheritance in families who are carriers is such that 50% of the offspring inherit the mutation. Women who carry mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 have a lifetime risk of 56 to 87 percent for breast cancer and increased risk of more than 40% for ovarian cancer. However, not all women with this type of profiles actually have one of the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have been identified for breast cancer. In fact, mutations latter represent no more than 5% -10% of all cases in the United States.

Exposure to estrogens

These risk factors, all of which relate to life events based on hormones, suggest that breast cancer is somehow affected by prolonged exposure to female sex hormones such as estrogen. Thus, women with long menstrual history who began menstruating early (before age 12) and stopped menstruating late (after 55) are at greater risk. In consideration of high risk include women nulligravida (which have never been pregnant) and nulliparous women (who have never given birth). Also, women having their first child after age 30 are almost a tripling of risk compared to giving birth for the first time at age 20 or less.

Taking estrogen in pill form as a contraceptive or estrogen replacement after menopause seems to increase risk. Older women who take hormone pills that combine estrogen and testosterone, which is sold under the brand names Estratest and Estratest HS, more than double the risk. Similarly, medications that combine estrogen and progestin greatly increase the risk.

Demographics

Demographic factors of age, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status have also been noted as risk factors for breast cancer.

A fact of great risk is the woman's age and the risk of breast cancer tends to increase with age. Statistics put the risk as follows: Risk at age 45, 1 in 93, 55, 1 in 33, 65, 1 in 17 to 85 years, 1 in 8.

A factor of race is that white women are more likely than black women. However, black women diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to die from the disease. Similarly, the incidence and mortality rates vary among regions, with the Far East which has a much lower incidence than in Western Europe and North America. The average risk of developing breast cancer for women in the U.S. is approximately 1 in 9.

Other risk factors include residence in an urban area and socioeconomic status, including higher educational level and family income of women (women in the highest group have a risk almost twice as large as those in the lowest group .)

Studies also indicate that women who usually work in night shifts may increase the risk by up to 60 percent. Scientists theorize that the body production of melatonin (a hormone that, among other things, regulates sex hormones) peaks in the dark overnight. Exposure to bright light overnight decreases the production of melatonin, which in turn may increase the levels of estrogen. These studies may explain why women in industrialized countries, who are exposed to more artificial light at night, have a higher risk than those in developing countries.

Nutrition and Lifestyle Risk

The relationship between high fat intake and body fat and the risk remains controversial, but nevertheless the reduction of fat intake is highly recommended. Before menopause, women who are obese may have a lower risk of breast cancer.

More active women who exercise and are able to maintain a healthy body weight are at a lower relative risk. Higher levels of activity may reduce women's exposure to estrogen and progesterone. Alcohol has also been linked to increased risk. The American Cancer Society reports that women who drink two to five alcoholic drinks a day have about 1.5 times the risk of developing breast cancer than women who drink no alcohol. Thus increasing physical activity and eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk.

Breast cancer and smoking

A major risk factor and preventable breast cancer is smoking. The prevalence among smokers was about three times that of nonsmokers. Research suggests that about half of all women are particularly susceptible to carcinogens (cancer-causing substance or agent) is in the snuff and therefore are at greater risk if they smoke cigarettes. These women have a slow acting form of a liver enzyme that detoxifies normally carcinogens. For these women, each cigarette that loads the dice in favor of breast cancer.

Symptoms

When it first develops, there may be no symptoms at all. But as the cancer grows, it can cause changes that women should be considered. Very often, noticeable symptoms are not cancer (such as packages - 80% of which are benign tumors or cysts), but it is important that you consult with your doctor so that any problems can be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Despite the emphasis on mammography as a screening device, usually first discovered as a package (usually in the upper outer quadrant) by the woman or her doctor.

About 85-90% of breast cancers detected clinically present with a lump in the breast, most of the remaining 10-15% present with retraction of the pain, skin or nipple (5%) and secretion in the nipple (2%), pain or swelling in the armpit also noted occasionally. A woman can help protect your health by learning the following warning signs:

1. A lump or thickening in or near the breast or underarm area

2. A change in breast size or shape

3. A serous or bloody nipple discharge or pain

4. The nipple is retracted or reversed in the chest

5. Peaks in the chest - the skin looks like the skin of an orange that is often referred to as peu d'Orange
Article Source:- http://wikcy66.over-blog.com/article-causes-and-symptoms-of-breast-cancer-107573634.html


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Monday, June 25, 2012

Thyroid Cancer - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis

Thyroid cancer is a common tumor that can occur in any age group especially in people who have had radiation to the neck area, but is most common after age 30 and its aggressiveness increases significantly in elderly patients . Thyroid carcinoma develops in the thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below the Adam's apple.

Thyroid cancers
Thyroid tumors are divided into papillary carcinomas, follicular carcinomas, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, lymphomas, primary and primary thyroid sarcomas.

Papillary tumors represent half of all thyroid tumors in adults, is more common in young adults. Follicular carcinomas are less common but more likely to recur and metastasize to regional lymph nodes and blood vessels in the bones, liver and lungs. Medullary carcinoma is a rare cancer family is completely curable if detected before it causes symptoms. The least common is anaplastic which has a very poor prognosis. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma tends to run after it has spread and does not heal in most cases

The causes of thyroid cancer
The predisposing factors include radiation exposure, prolonged exposure of the thyroid stimulating hormone, familial predisposition and chronic goiter.

Signs and Symptoms
The main signs of thyroid tumors are a painless nodule, a lump or swelling in the neck, sometimes growing rapidly, a pain in the front of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears, hoarseness or voice changes not go away, difficulty swallowing, trouble breathing, a cough that persists and is not due to a cold.

Diagnosis
The first sign is usually a palpable nodule, enlarged thyroid gland, neck, lymph nodes in the neck, or vocal cords. The tests should rule out malignant thyroid enlargements are much more common. Thyroid scans measure the ability of the nodules to trap isotopes compared with the rest of the thyroid. Other tests include CT scans, biopsy and ultrasound scans.

Treatment
Treatment options may include surgery to remove the thyroid gland and nearby lymph nodes, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Anaplastic carcinoma patients
often require a tracheostomy during treatment and the treatment is much more aggressive than for other types of thyroid cancer.

Radioactive iodine is administered to the patient after their cancer has been removed because if cancer cells are left in the body, then these cells absorb and concentrate toxic radioactive iodine.

Forecast
The survival rate for patients with papillary tumors that have spread is excellent. The medullary thyroid cancer is much less common, but has a worse prognosis.

Article Source:- http://wikcy661.wordpress.com/2012/06/25/thyroid-cancer-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-prognosis/

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Wednesday, June 20, 2012

Stomach Cancer - Symptoms, Risks and Prevention

Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths per year worldwide, making it the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide after lung cancer.
Metastasis (spread of early tumors to other parts of the body) occurs in 80-90% of individuals with stomach cancer, with a survival rate of 65% six months in the patients diagnosed at early stages and less than 15% of those diagnosed in later stages.
Other studies show that less than 5% of stomach cancers occur in people under 40 years of age.
Gastric cancer shows a male predominance in its incidence as up to three men are affected by each woman. Estrogen may protect women against the development of this cancer.
Possible signs of stomach cancer (please remember that these signs may appear in other conditions that are much less severe as well).
Signs Early Stage

    
Indegestion or a burning sensation (heartburn)
    
Loss of appetite, especially for meat
Late stage signs

    
Abdominal pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
    
Nausea and vomiting
    
Diarrhea or constipation
    
Bloating after meals
    
Weight loss
    
Weakness and fatigue
    
Bleeding (vomiting blood or having blood in the stool), which can lead to anemia
    
Dysphagia (the inability to swallow), this feature suggests a tumor in the cardia or gastric tumor extension into the esophagus
To find the cause of symptoms, your doctor will ask about your medical history, perform a physical exam and may order laboratory studies. He / she may also order one or all of the following tests:

    
Review of Gastroscopy is the diagnostic method of choice. This involves the insertion of a fiber optic camera in the stomach
    
The upper GI series
    
Computed tomography or CT of the abdomen may see gastric cancer, but is especially useful to determine whether metastasis has spread to nearby tissues or lymph system

The causes of stomach cancer
Bacterium Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers.
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP) is believed to be the cause of stomach cancer. HP results in inflammation of the stomach lining leading to its destruction, which causes peptic ulcers and / or gastric cancer.
As you can read later - THAT'S WHY curcumin may have a protective effect - is both an excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory!
Stomach cancer prevention through diet and supplements
I have reviewed many studies that suggest that the activity of H. pylori can be suppressed through dietary measures and use of supplements. The following seem to have the most promise.
Broccoli sprouts - A study I read recently that was published in the Journal of Cancer Prevention 2009, found that broccoli sprouts eat 2.5 grams per day over a 2 months significantly reduced the number of colonies HP in mice and humans for more than 40%. When broccoli sprouts were suspended colonies returned to their previous levels.
Curcumin - Curcumin from turmeric is both a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammator, both of which combat the effects of free radical generation and inflammation caused by infection with HP. Turmeric is one of my favorite add-ons with multiple benefits. I suggest 1000mg per day taken with 5 mg of piperine to enhance absorption of curcumin.
Probiotics - Another study published in the journal "Nutrition" in 2003 found that the probiotic Lactobacillus reduces both the need for antibiotic treatment of HP and made the most effective antibiotic treatment as well.
Green Tea Extract - the results in the February 2008 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention indicates that the EGCG component of green tea extract decreases the risk of stomach cancer in women by 75% but increases slightly risk in men. I would recommend a 1500mg per day of green tea extract containing at least 20% EGCG for women. Although I suspect the result of man was somehow misleading or misinterpreted or had other confounding factors, for the moment, men with risk of stomach cancer, you should probably avoid the EGCG in green tea.
Vitamin C - Research published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that people with higher levels of vitamin C intake had lower levels of HP and a lower incidence of both gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. I suggest 1000mg per day.
L-Glutamine - In May 2008 Journal of Nutrition reported the results concluded that L-glutamine may be beneficial to offset gastric damage caused by infection with H. pylori. The research was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is suggested that L-glutamine can serve as a natural alternative to antibiotics commonly used to treat stomach ulcers and HP damage that leads to stomach cancer. I recommend 2 grams per day of L-glutamine.
Zinc carnosine - recently published research showed the complex 150 mg of zinc carnosine twice daily, did the antibiotics used to treat stomach ulcers and HP significantly improve functioning.
My purpose in writing this article is to provide a basic understanding of this condition, which is believed to cause, and what you can do to reduce the risk of occurrence.
This is not a full article on all the information that is available to those readers interested in or affected or stomach cancer. I wrote this to give a knowledge base which can proceed to ask intelligent questions and identify areas you can choose to explore in more detail.



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